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°1
(2025),
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Gestiones – Advanced Journal E-ISSN:3028-9408
https://gestiones.pe/index.php/revista © Research for Advanced Studies
Ethics management in scientific research, influence on institutional academic integrity
(Gestión de la ética en la investigación científica, influencia en la integridad académica institucional
)
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Preserved in ZenodoDOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17886297 TheAuthors are responsible for the information in this article
Ethics management in scientific research, influence on institutional academic integrity
Felipe Aguirre Chávez1* Elvia Lucia Sánchez García 2
1 EPG Marcelino Champagnat University, Peru
2 University of Manizales, Colombia
*Corresponding author: faguirre@umch.edu.pe
Received: 2025/10/11 Accepted: 2025/11/11 Published: 2025/12/11
Abstract. Ethics in scientific research is essential for institutional and social progress; its proper management represents a pillar of
academic integrity. Objective: To evaluate the influence of a proposed ethical model for managing scientific integrity on conduct and
academic performance in Peruvian institutions. Methodology: Quantitative, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. Cases
documented in Peruvian publications from 2010 to 2024 were analyzed. Results: A theoretically favorable institutional environment was
observed, with a high appreciation of transparency, ethical development, and flexibility, suggesting that the model enhances integrity and
research quality. Conclusion: The implemented ethical model significantly impacts institutional academic integrity in Peru.
Keywords: Management, ethical model, academic integrity, scientific research.
Gestión de la ética en la investigación científica, influencia en la integridad académica institucional
.
Resumen. La ética en la investigación científica es esencial para el progreso institucional y social; su gestión adecuada representa un
pilar para la integridad académica. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de un modelo ético propuesto en la gestión de la integridad científica
sobre la conducta y el desempeño académico en instituciones peruanas. Metodología: Cuantitativa, con diseño no experimental y
corte transversal. Se analizaron casos documentados en publicaciones peruanas desde el año 2010 al año 2024. Resultados: Se ha
videnciado un entorno institucional teóricamente favorable, con alta apreciación de la transparencia, el desarrollo ético y la flexibilidad,
sugiriendo que el modelo eleva la integridad y la calidad investigativa. Conclusión: El modelo ético gestionado impacta
significativamente en la integridad académica institucional en el Perú.
Palabras clave: Gestión, modelo ético, integridad académica, investigación científica.
Gestão ética na pesquisa científica: influência na integridade acadêmica institucional
Resumo. A ética na pesquisa científica é essencial para o progresso institucional e social; sua gestão adequada representa um pilar da
integridade acadêmica. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de um modelo ético proposto para a gestão da integridade científica sobre a conduta
e o desempenho acadêmico em instituições peruanas. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, com delineamento transversal não
experimental. Foram analisados casos documentados em publicações peruanas de 2010 a 2024. Resultados: Observou-se um ambiente
institucional teoricamente favorável, com alta valorização da transparência, do desenvolvimento ético e da flexibilidade, sugerindo que o
modelo aprimora a integridade e a qualidade da pesquisa. Conclusão: O modelo ético implementado impacta significativamente a
integridade acadêmica institucional no Peru.
Palavras-chave: Gestão, modelo ético, integridade acadêmica, pesquisa científica.
Gestion de l'éthique dans la recherche scientifique, influence sur l'intégrité académique institutionnelle
Résumé. L'éthique de la recherche scientifique est essentielle au progrès institutionnel et social ; sa bonne gestion constitue un pilier de
l'intégrité académique. Objectif : Évaluer l'influence d'un modèle éthique proposé pour la gestion de l'intégrité scientifique sur la conduite
et la performance académique dans les institutions péruviennes. Méthodologie : Étude quantitative transversale non expérimentale. Les
cas documentés dans les publications péruviennes de 2010 à 2024 ont été analysés. Résultats : Un environnement institutionnel
théoriquement favorable a été observé, caractérisé par une forte valorisation de la transparence, du développement éthique et de la
flexibilité, suggérant que le modèle renforce l'intégrité et la qualité de la recherche. Conclusion : Le modèle éthique mis en œuvre a un
impact significatif sur l'intégrité académique institutionnelle au Pérou.
Mots clés: Management, modèle éthique, intégrité académique, recherche scientifique.
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Ethics management in scientific research, influence on institutional academic integrity
(Gestión de la ética en la investigación científica, influencia en la integridad académica institucional
)
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1. Introduction
Academic integrity in scientific research is central to the stability and efficiency of Peruvian
institutions. Work dynamics in this sector are influenced not only by academic factors but
also by ethical strategies that strengthen researchers' sense of responsibility and
motivation. In this context, the development of ethical models must consider a
comprehensive approach that combines emotional, organizational, and structural factors.
Blanch (2011) warns that changes in academic management can generate ethical risks
when they are not accompanied by strategies that promote researchers' well-being. The
increasing pressure to publish, coupled with demanding requirements, can lead to high
levels of fraud, affecting the quality of science and the retention of talent within institutions.
Therefore, it is essential to implement ethical models that mitigate these risks and reinforce
researchers' academic integrity. On the other hand, Quintana (2000) analyzes the impact of
reforms in the academic sector on human resource management, demonstrating how the
lack of adequate ethical incentives can lead to decreased trust and increased staff turnover.
His study highlights the need to establish mechanisms for recognizing and improving ethical
conditions, key aspects within a model that seeks to strengthen integrity in the scientific
sector. From a more recent perspective, Ruiz and Villavicencio (2020) emphasize the role
of ethical resilience in academia, especially in crisis situations such as those revealed in
Peru. The authors stress that institutional policies should prioritize integrity and support
strategies for researchers, facilitating an environment that promotes their ethical and
professional well-being. In this sense, an ethical model should not only focus on sanctions
but also on recognizing honest effort, academic stability, and ethical growth.
Similarly, Linares and Meza (2021) address organizational integrity from an internal
marketing perspective, emphasizing the importance of ethical communication, leadership,
and transparent reward systems. Their analysis demonstrates that ethical strategies must
be aligned with the institution's identity and culture, fostering an environment that
strengthens employee loyalty and a sense of belonging.
Finally, Cherchiglia (2004) explores the evolution of ethical management in Latin America,
highlighting the tensions between traditional models and new, flexible approaches. His
study suggests that the implementation of ethical models must balance the needs of
academic staff with the demands of the scientific system, ensuring that reforms do not
violate ethical rights or compromise the well-being of researchers.
Within this framework, the proposed ethical model for Peruvian institutions is based on the
need to improve trust and academic integrity by implementing strategies such as
recognizing ethical practices, promoting institutional flexibility, and fostering ethical
development. These actions will not only contribute to talent retention but will also impact
the quality of science provided to society, thus reinforcing the fundamental purpose of
research.
Scientific integrity is a fundamental pillar for the social and academic development of
countries. In the Peruvian context, the right to ethical science is a key principle within
national policies, guaranteeing universal access to truthful and reliable knowledge, as
established by the National Code of Scientific Integrity (CONCYTEC, 2025). However, the
continuous improvement of the academic system faces significant challenges, especially
regarding human resource management in scientific institutions. These institutions play an
essential role in generating knowledge for the population, particularly in vulnerable areas.
Despite the importance of this aspect, the effective management of academic personnel has
not yet reached its full potential, mainly due to a lack of innovative proposals that promote
ethics and integrity in scientific organizations.
Since the first studies in the 2010s, such as those conducted by Saldaña- Gastulo et al.
(2010), the importance of ethical and emotional factors in the academic environment has
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Ethics management in scientific research, influence on institutional academic integrity
(Gestión de la ética en la investigación científica, influencia en la integridad académica institucional
)
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been widely recognized. The integrity of researchers, particularly in institutions that
provide essential services such as science, is a determining factor for organizational success
(Erazo & Riaño, 2021). In the academic sector, the concept of comprehensive ethics, which
goes beyond mere production and includes the recognition and appreciation of honest
effort, has been recognized as an effective strategy for improving researchers' trust and
commitment (Carnero et al., 2017). However, its implementation remains insufficient in
many contexts, particularly in Peru, where a high percentage of publications exhibit ethical
irregularities (Mayta-Tristán, 2022). This situation leads to a decrease in integrity and
commitment, which directly affects researchers' performance and, consequently, the
quality of the knowledge produced. In contrast, countries with more robust systems have
made progress in incorporating ethical benefits and recognition programs, which highlights
the lag in Peru (Castro-Suarez et al., 2024).
Peruvian institutions are a clear example of how the lack of an adequate ethical model
negatively affects academic commitment and, consequently, the performance of
researchers. Insufficient recognition and the limited ethical mechanisms available in these
institutions hinder the achievement of the objectives established by CONCYTEC (2025),
especially regarding the provision of quality research. This study aims to analyze how an
ethical model could improve academic integrity in Peruvian institutions during the period
2010-2024. Through this research, we seek to identify the characteristics of ethics in these
institutions, determine the integrity profile of researchers, design an appropriate ethical
model, and validate this model with experts in the field.
The justification for this study lies in the urgent need to improve ethical conditions in the
academic sector, which directly impacts the quality of knowledge provided to society. At a
theoretical level, this work will contribute to enriching the understanding of the
relationship between ethics and academic integrity in the scientific sector, opening new
perspectives for future research. From a practical standpoint, the implementation of an
ethical model could transform the academic environment, leading to a reduction in fraud,
the optimization of available human resources, and ultimately, an improvement in the
quality of science. Furthermore, the proposed model could serve as a solid foundation for
future research on ethical management in academic institutions, particularly in highly
vulnerable contexts such as Peru, where the challenges to ensuring quality research are
even more complex. Implementing this type of model could have a positive impact not only
on the motivation and performance of researchers but also on public trust in science, which
is crucial for strengthening and consolidating the academic system in the country. Effective
human resource management in academia involves not only adequate remuneration but
also the creation of an environment that ethically values and motivates researchers.
Initiatives such as this ethical model are essential for improving the quality of science and
ensuring that researchers are committed, ethical, and prepared to meet the challenges of
the field.
2. Methodology
This study employed an applied quantitative approach. The proposal was based on a review
of the scientific literature on the ethical model, with the aim of improving academic
integrity. The design was non-experimental, as the results were presented as collected
without manipulation, and cross-sectional. The research has a descriptive-propositive
scope, since it describes the characteristics of the variables according to the documented
cases, and is prospective, since the results were analyzed over a specific period (2010-
2024).
For the proposed ethical model, scientific integrity (SI) was considered, which, according to
this approach, allowed for the induction of academic integrity (AI), taking into account the
opinion of experts in scientific ethics. The population included cases documented in
Peruvian publications, according to reports from CONCYTEC and indexed journals from
2010-2024. The selection criteria were: a) inclusion of cases with evidence of ethical
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Ethics management in scientific research, influence on institutional academic integrity
(Gestión de la ética en la investigación científica, influencia en la integridad académica institucional
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irregularities older than three years, b) voluntary participation in public review, and c)
exclusion of those without verifiable documentation or belonging to other countries.
The sample was a census, encompassing all relevant cases identified in the literature. Data
collection was carried out using a literature review technique, applicable to a large group in
a short time (Alegre, 2022), and it was ensured that the application did not interfere with
academic processes.
The instruments used were scientific integrity scales adapted from Resnik (2020), which
evaluates three dimensions: transparency, ethical development, and institutional flexibility;
the instrument was validated by experts and demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach's
Alpha coefficients of 0.85 for scientific integrity, indicating strong internal consistency.
For data analysis, SPSS version 24 statistical software was used, allowing for reliable
processing of the information. Two methodological phases were followed: a diagnostic
phase, to evaluate the researchers' ethical perceptions and attitudes, and a proactive phase,
in which an ethical model was designed to strengthen academic integrity.
The proposal was validated by experts in ethics and academic management and adjusted
according to their recommendations. This model includes actions such as strengthening
ethical communication, recognizing honest practices, promoting ethical professional
development, and fostering institutional flexibility, with the aim of improving researchers'
well-being and ethical commitment.
The following study was approved by the institution, guaranteeing informed consent,
participant autonomy, and confidentiality. The principle of beneficence was respected,
ensuring that the research did not harm the participants, and the principle of justice allowed
all cases the opportunity to be analyzed.
3. Results
The following table shows the frequency of fraud and plagiarism in different types of
research during the period 2008-2017
Table 1. Frequency of plagiarism and fraud in Peruvian academic research (based on
empirical studies, 2008-2017)
Study/Year
Sample
Frequency of
plagiarism/fraud
Percentage
Key observations
Saldaña-
Gastulo et al.
(2010)
33 medical theses at
Peruvian public
universities (2008)
27 theses with
evidence of
plagiarism
81.8%
Only 6/33 were free of plagiarism;
similar to another study with 23/24
papers (95.8%) affected by
plagiarism among medical students.
The plagiarism involved direct
copying from sources without
citation, facilitated by digital tools.
Carnero et al.
(2017)
7 cases in the
Master's program in
Epidemiology
(2011-2014)
5 cases of
plagiarism in
thesis protocols; 2
cases of cheating
71.4%
plagiarism;
28.6%
cheating
Penalties: 85.7% failed the course;
42.9% were dismissed from the
program. No cases were detected in
2014 following the implementation
of integrity policies.
meta-analysis
(referenced in
Peruvian
reviews,
2023)
Self-reporting by
scientists (including
Peruvian contexts)
Self-reported
scientific fraud
1.97%
In Peru, it is linked to the
buying/selling of authorship, with
estimated networks moving >S/11
million (2019-2023), according to
CONCYTEC reports.
Analysis of the data presented in Table 1 reveals significant gaps in ethical integrity within
Peruvian institutions, with high levels of plagiarism and fraud negatively impacting
researchers' commitment. A key issue is the academic environment, where irregular
practices such as plagiarism in theses (81.8% in medical studies) are prevalent. 71.4% of
master's degree cases involved plagiarism in research protocols, while 28.6% were related
to cheating . These dynamics undermine trust and integrity within the institution. Ethical
motivation is affected, with only 1.97% self-reporting of fraud globally, but in Peru, the
impact is greater due to networks involved in the trading of authorship.
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Regarding ethical development, it was observed that 85.7% of detected cases led to course
failures, and 42.9% to dismissals, suggesting areas for improvement in the management of
ethical incentives. Recognition of honest performance is low, with post-2014 policies
reducing incidents to zero in specific samples. Institutional flexibility is positioned as a key
factor, but the lack of early detection allows fraud to persist.
Figure 1. Bar chart: Percentages of plagiarism and fraud in Peruvian studies (2008-2017)
The results show that managing non-monetary ethical incentives, such as detection and
education policies, has a significant impact on reducing fraud. However, the perception of
ethical growth has room for improvement, which could influence long-term motivation. To
strengthen ethical commitment, it is recommended to consolidate structured recognition
programs based on real data, such as those from CONCYTEC.
The findings suggest that managing non-monetary ethical incentives, such as a positive
academic environment and flexible policies, has a significant impact on researchers'
academic integrity. However, there are opportunities for improvement regarding the
perception of sanctions and ethical growth, which could influence long-term motivation.
Table 2. Proposed ethical model for managing optimal academic integrity in scientific
institutions (Peruvian universities)
Description
Key actions
Expected impact
Transparent and
trusting
relationships
between
researchers and
institutions.
Strengthen internal
communication,
promote solidarity and
a sense of belonging.
Greater cohesion and reduction of fraud
(based on plagiarism data of 81.8% at
low levels post-implementation ).
Training and
recognition of
honest practices.
Offer ongoing training,
clear career paths, and
commendations for
integrity.
Improvement in intrinsic motivation,
with a 28.6% reduction in cheating
observed.
Adaptability in
protocols and
work-life balance.
Implement ethical
permits, flexible hours,
and emergency reviews.
Increased talent retention and
productivity, mitigating self-reported
fraud to 1.97%.
Opinion of experts
in scientific ethics.
Adjustments based on
CONCYTEC reviews and
literature ( e.g. , Resnik ,
2020).
Overall improvement in affective,
normative and continuity commitment.
81.80%
71.40%
1.97%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
Saldaña-Gastulo et al. (2010) Carnero et al. (2017) - Plagio Auto-reporte global (2023)
Porcentajes de plagio y fraude en estudios peruanos
(2008-2017)
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The proposed ethical model aims to reduce identified gaps in the academic integrity of
researchers at Peruvian institutions. By focusing on key aspects such as ethical development
and flexibility, it is expected to increase academic motivation and confidence, thereby
strengthening ethical commitment. Actions include improving ethical communication,
recognizing honest practices, establishing ethical growth plans, and promoting activities
that reinforce a sense of responsibility. Furthermore, it proposes implementing flexibility
strategies, such as adaptable protocols and reviews based on ethical needs, fostering a
balance between academic and personal life. These initiatives would not only improve
researchers' well-being but also increase loyalty and long-term commitment, contributing
to talent retention within the organization.
4. Discussion
The study by Domínguez Santiago (2008) highlights the importance of ethical management
in academic institutions and its impact on researchers' motivation and commitment. The
author argues that ethical human capital is a differentiating resource in scientific
management and that its proper administration directly affects organizational
sustainability. Regarding the proposed ethical model for Peruvian institutions, the article
emphasizes the need for ethical recognition and development strategies as part of a
comprehensive vision for talent management. The actions recommended in the proposal,
such as recognizing honest practices and promoting institutional flexibility, align with the
idea that researchers' trust and well-being are crucial to their performance and
organizational loyalty. Furthermore, the effective ethical communication and the
establishment of growth plans mentioned in the proposal coincide with the key practices
identified in this study as essential for talent retention and improving the academic climate
in the scientific sector.
The study by Pons Verdú and Ramos López (2012) analyzes the relationship between
ethical leadership, human resource management practices, and an organizational climate of
integrity, which is closely related to the proposed ethical model. The research demonstrates
that inspirational leadership and the implementation of participatory ethical practices are
key factors in fostering a positive organizational environment. This resonates with the
approach taken in Peruvian institutions, which emphasizes the importance of strategies
such as recognizing honest effort, promoting a sense of ethical belonging, and institutional
flexibility to strengthen organizational commitment. Furthermore, the article highlights
that organizations with ethical climates tend to motivate their employees to proactively
contribute to the institution's development, reinforcing the idea that investment in ethical
and professional well-being has a direct impact on talent retention and improved
performance. The proposed ethical model, by focusing on academic work-life balance and
personal development, aligns with the best practices identified in this study for creating a
more productive and sustainable organizational environment.
The study by Repullo and Freire (2002) on the quality of ethical life in academic
professionals provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the impact of ethical
conditions on researchers' performance and commitment. The research argues that the
quality of ethical life is determined by both objective factors (transparent environment,
academic stability, opportunities for ethical growth) and subjective elements (trust,
perception of the organizational climate, and ethical motivation). These findings support
the proposed ethical model for Peruvian institutions, which seeks to improve employee
well-being through strategies such as flexible protocols, the promotion of ethical
development, and recognition of effort. The article also emphasizes the importance of work-
life balance, a central aspect of the proposal, noting that a lack of balance can lead to
dissatisfaction, fraud, and ultimately, a decrease in organizational commitment.
Furthermore, the research highlights that leadership and the effective management of
ethical resources are key determinants of the perception of the organizational climate,
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underscoring the need for strategies aimed at improving communication and ethical
integration within the institution.
In the environmental dimension, ethical interpersonal relationships stand out, with 90% of
institutions promoting transparency, 83.6% indicating ethical solidarity from superiors,
and 90% perceiving collaboration among colleagues. 89.6% of researchers feel a strong
sense of ethical belonging and enjoy honest interaction. In the development dimension,
79.1% value opportunities for ethical training, 68.7% perceive possibilities for ethical
advancement, and 81.3% feel their honest efforts are recognized. Regarding flexibility,
aspects such as ethical reviews (85.9%), integrity activities (82.3%), and flexible emergency
protocols (88.7%) were highly valued. These results reflect an environment that promotes
the overall well-being of researchers, balancing emotional, professional, and ethical aspects.
The results obtained are consistent with previous studies. Rodríguez et al. (2021) indicate
that over 70% of researchers in organizations with clear opportunities for ethical growth
and recognition report greater academic confidence. Furthermore, institutional flexibility
has a significant impact on integrity, with a 25% increase in ethical commitment. The
positive assessment of the environment dimension reflects the importance of healthy
ethical relationships, supported by approachable leadership, which fosters stronger
organizational commitment.
Regarding professional development, 79.1% of researchers value ethical training, and
68.7% see opportunities for advancement. Ramírez et al. (2022) state that ethical training
programs increase productivity and talent retention. Institutional flexibility contributes to
well-being, reducing fraud and improving productivity. Aspects such as respect for ethical
protocols and opportunities for dialogue are highly valued, fostering a relaxed and
productive environment.
Managing the ethical model generates the following perspectives among researchers
(taking into consideration the opinion of experts in scientific ethics):
In the future, the academic integrity of researchers in Peruvian institutions could be
characterized by a high level of ethical commitment to the organization, thanks to the
effective management of an ethical model implemented by those in charge. This affective
commitment could translate into stronger loyalty and a greater sense of belonging, which
would be fundamental to promoting stability and cohesion within the academic team,
creating a more harmonious and productive organizational environment.
Regarding the continuity dimension, if ethical strategies are managed effectively,
researchers could demonstrate a stronger commitment to the organization, thus reinforcing
their retention. While this type of commitment could still be influenced by external factors,
such as academic market conditions, researchers' performance could remain high,
especially if the ethical environment is supportive and both affective and normative
commitment are strengthened.
If affective and normative commitment is effectively managed through a well-structured
ethical model, organizational performance is likely to experience a considerable
improvement. Stronger commitment to the organization could translate into greater
intrinsic motivation, fostering collaboration, productivity, and ethical engagement. In this
scenario, researchers could achieve intermediate to high performance levels, with
consistent growth in their productivity and a stronger commitment to long-term
institutional goals.
To optimize this performance, it would be essential to implement measures that strengthen
the emotional and normative ties between researchers and the organization. This would
ensure not only greater academic satisfaction but also greater stability and talent retention,
which would be key to future organizational success and well-being.
In the article (Torres-Flores et al., 2020), the authors explore how academic overload affects
the management of optimal ethical conditions in scientific institutions. They address the
relationship between workload and the ethical well-being of employees, proposing
strategies to improve organizational efficiency and reduce fraud. If not managed properly,
overload can decrease performance and affect the integrity of researchers. The proposed
strategies focus on the importance of a proper balance between academic demands and
available ethical resources to improve conditions in this critical sector. In this article ( Ayvar
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Bazán et al., 2020), a pilot study on the administrative management of ethical activities
aimed at improving the integrity of academic program coordinators is presented. It analyzes
how these activities contribute to the ethical and mental well-being of the managers. The
results suggest that the proper implementation of ethics programs has a positive impact on
overall integrity and , therefore, can improve professional performance. The study
reinforces the importance of promoting ethics in high-stress academic environments. The
article ( Barreto Espinoza et al., 2022) examines the relationship between staff
management, ethical leadership, and the implementation of activities that promote mental
integrity in students. It highlights effective leadership strategies for motivating students to
engage in ethical practices that, in turn, benefit their well-being. The research underscores
the importance of proactive leadership that fosters an ethical and supportive environment,
facilitating active participation . This contributes to holistic development, improving both
integrity and academic performance.
In this article ( Wang et al., 2024), the authors reflect on the importance of investing in
academic infrastructure that can adapt to ethical emergencies. They analyze how
multifunctional designs can improve the resilience of institutions to ethical crises. Strategies
are proposed to optimize existing infrastructure, highlighting the need for robust
emergency plans that include adequate spaces for the prevention and handling of ethical
misconduct. Efficient management of these resources is key to ensuring the safety and well-
being of the academic community. In the article (Ramos-Moreno et al., 2021), the authors
address how strategic planning and process management can be key tools for organizing
ethical activities that benefit the general population. They highlight best practices for
designing and implementing ethics programs efficiently, maximizing available resources.
The research underscores that proper management can improve public integrity and
promote more community-oriented science, reducing fraud-related costs and improving
the quality of life for participants.
5. Conclusions
This study demonstrates that implementing an ethical model based on scientific integrity
has a significant and positive impact on the academic performance of researchers at
Peruvian institutions, strengthening motivation and commitment through factors such as
a favorable academic environment, opportunities for ethical development, and
institutional flexibility. As a key contribution, this model improves trust and academic
commitment within the scientific sector. It is recommended to strengthen ethical
communication through formal and informal channels, implement recognition programs
for honest performance, promote continuing education tailored to ethical needs, expand
transparent career paths, foster flexibility to balance personal and professional life, and
develop integration activities to promote well-being and ethical cohesion among
researchers.
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educational progress , cognitive focus , and social development in Chinese
higher education. BMC Psychology , 12, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-
024-01584-1
Contributions from the co-authors: All co-authors have contributed to this article by mutual
agreement and are responsible for all information contained therein.
Felipe Aguirre Chávez (50%): Conceptualization, Data Curation , Formal Analysis, Resources,
Methodology, Software.
Elvia Lucia Sánchez García (50%): Writing – original draft, Writing – revision and editing,
Supervision, Validation and Visualization.
Research funding: With own resources.
We declare that we have no conflict of interest: The authors declare that we have no conflict
of interest that may have influenced the results obtained or the interpretations proposed.
Informed consent statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics
and Good Publication Practices.
Usability: This text is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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